The Design Model Developed By Sister Callista Roy

In the clinical setting, nurses must evaluate their patients in order to better understand their needs. Multiple conceptual models exist in order to guide the evaluation process as well as to enhance the nurses’ scope of practice. The focus of this paper will be based on the Roy Adaptation Model developed by Sister Callista Roy, in which the model will be explained, analyzed and discussed through a clinical situation. Presentation of the conceptual model Sister Callista Roy established her first publication of the Roy Adaptation model in 1970 defining nursing as enhancing life processes to promote adaptation (Roy, 2009, p.28). Many theorists, such as Helson and von Bertalanffy, inspired the creation of her own model (McEwen Wills, 2011). The two core principles that make up this model are humanism and veritivity (Pepin, Kerouac Ducharme, 2010). Humanism describes the importance of the subjective dimensions of a person while the term veritivity, created by Roy, is â€Å"the principle of human nature that affirms a common purposefulness of human existence† (Roy, 2009, p.28). Consequently, the Roy adaptation model emphasizes the need to adapt. It assesses the interaction and effect the environment may be having on the patient while undergoing the disease process or experience. Thus, the environment and the patient’s health are interchangeable. The modes of adaptation consist of the physiological mode as well as three psychosocial modes, which are broken down intoShow MoreRelatedThe Design Model Developed By Sister Callista Roy1560 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand their needs. Multiple conceptual models exist in order guide the evaluation process as well as to enhance the nurses’ scope of practice. The focus of this paper will be based on the Roy Adaptation Model developed by Sister Callista Roy, in which the model will be explained, analyzed and discussed through a clinical situation. Presentation of the conceptual model Sister Callista Roy established her first publication of the Roy Adaptation model in 1970 defining nursing as enhancing lifeRead MoreThe Adaptation Model By Sister Callista Roy2278 Words   |  10 PagesAdaptation Model The Adaptation Model, developed by sister Callista Roy, is a grand nursing theory that has been influential in developing research, education, nursing practice, and mid-range theories; including her own: cognitive processing and empirical work, for over 50 years. The work has been translated into multiple languages, and used by theorists throughout the world as a basis for model-based knowledge to advance nursing practice; as well as advancing the theory itself. Roy is known forRead MoreQuantitative Research Article Critique Essay example1645 Words   |  7 Pagesanxiety, and depression levels indicated in the 90-day follow-up interview. Conceptual Model / Theoretical framework In this research study, authors chose to relate the research article to Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model. Roy’s adaptation model can be applied in this study because of the family member’s opportunity to have an integral part of the decision making process. According to Sister Callista Roy, nursing roles are to promote adaptation for individuals and groups in the four adaptiveRead MoreAdvanced Practice Nursing (APN)2996 Words   |  12 Pages(DeNisco Barker, 2013). What is the future position of APNs in the progression of our healthcare system? What role will this writer assume, educator, practitioner, population health coach, or all three? The use of theory, primarily Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model, and EBP give this writer a firm foundation to develop and modify her own practice framework. Interview Summary At this point, this writer is slightly unsure of which pathway she may take, once she has completed her studies; theRead MoreImportance Of Theory : An Adaptive System Theory Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesI have chosen the ‘Humans as an Adaptive System Theory† by Sister Callista Roy. It is a middle range nursing theory. Nursing theories are a set of definitions, concepts, assumptions, phenomena and relationships that are used to explain different aspects of the nursing profession. Nursing models are developed by linking these widely accepted theories to science and philosophy, for practical application in nursing. Nursing theories and model has helped to develop nursing into a scientific disciplineRead MoreNursing Career As A Licensed Practical Nurse1899 Words   |  8 Pagesa time that local hospitals were no longer employing LPN’s at the bedside. Therefore, I worked in a nursing home for two years. This was where I learned how to perfect time management, wound care, and medication knowledge. In the nursing home, I developed a fondness for the elderly. I worked with men and woman that entered the nursing home completely oriented, ambulatory, and able to perform most of their activities of daily living. Then, in a fairly short amount of time I watched them deteriorateRead MoreRoy Theory14019 Words   |  57 Pagese eBook Collection Conceptual Models Chapter08 This is a Protected PDF document. Please enter your user name and password to unlock the text. 4 Remember my user name and password. If you are experiencing problems unlocking this document or you have questions regarding Protectedpdf files please contact a Technical Support representative: In the United States: 1-877-832-4867 In Canada: 1-800-859-3682 Outside the U.S. and Canada: 1-602-387-2222 Email: technicalsupport@apollogrp.edu. 1000-0001-62C2-00019A9E Read MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Essay4338 Words   |  18 PagesThe total demands created by the self-care requisites are identified as therapeutic self-care demand. When the therapeutic self-care demand exceeds self-care agency, a self-care deficit exists, and nursing is needed. Based on the needs, the nurse designs nursing systems that are wholly compensatory (the nurse provides all needed care), partly compensatory (the nurse and the patient provide care together), or supportive-educative (the nurse provides needed support and education for the patient to exerciseRead MoreTheoretical Foundations of Nursing4269 Words   |  18 Pagesof the nurse is to find out and meet the patients immediate need for help. The patients presenting behavior may be a plea for help, however, the help needed may not be what it appears to be.† Ida Jean Orlando (1961) Orlandos theory was developed in the late 1950s from observations she recorded between a nurse and patient. Despite her efforts, she was only able to categorize the records as good or bad nursing. It then dawned on her that both the formulations for good and bad nursing Read MoreRelationship Between Meterparadigm Theory of Nursing and Anas Definition of Nursing5001 Words   |  21 Pagespolicies and laws. * It will help the people to understand the competencies and professional accountability of nurses. * It will help define the role of the nurse in the multidisciplinary health care team. Four Major Concepts   Nurses have developed various theories that provide different explanations of the nursing discipline. All theories, however, share four central concepts:  Person  refers to all human beings. People are the recipients of nursing care; they include individuals, families, The Design Model Developed By Sister Callista Roy In the clinical setting, nurses must evaluate their patients in order to better understand their needs. Multiple conceptual models exist in order guide the evaluation process as well as to enhance the nurses’ scope of practice. The focus of this paper will be based on the Roy Adaptation Model developed by Sister Callista Roy, in which the model will be explained, analyzed and discussed through a clinical situation. Presentation of the conceptual model Sister Callista Roy established her first publication of the Roy Adaptation model in 1970 defining nursing as enhancing life processes to promote adaptation (Roy, 2009, p.28). Many theorists, such as Helson and von Bertalanffy, inspired the creation of her own model (McEwen Wills, 2011). The two core principles that make up this model are humanism and veritivity (Pepin, Kerouac Ducharme, 2010). Humanism describes the importance of the subjective dimensions of a person while the term veritivity, created by Roy, is â€Å"the principle of human nature that affirms a common purposefulness of human existence† (Roy, 2009, p.28). Consequently, the Roy adaptation model emphasizes the need to adapt. It assesses the interaction and effect the environment may be having on the patient while undergoing the disease process or experience. Thus, the environment and the patient’s health are interchangeable. The modes of adaptation consist of the physiological mode as well as three psychosocial modes, which are broken down intoShow MoreRelatedThe Design Model Developed By Sister Callista Roy1563 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand their needs. Multiple conceptual models exist in order to guide the evaluation process as well as to enhance the nurses’ scope of practice. The focus of this paper will be based on the Roy Adaptation Model developed by Sister Callista Roy, in which the model will be explained, analyzed and discussed through a clinical situation. Presentation of the conceptual model Sister Callista Roy established her first publication of the Roy Adaptation model in 1970 defining nursing as enhancing lifeRead MoreThe Adaptation Model By Sister Callista Roy2278 Words   |  10 PagesAdaptation Model The Adaptation Model, developed by sister Callista Roy, is a grand nursing theory that has been influential in developing research, education, nursing practice, and mid-range theories; including her own: cognitive processing and empirical work, for over 50 years. The work has been translated into multiple languages, and used by theorists throughout the world as a basis for model-based knowledge to advance nursing practice; as well as advancing the theory itself. Roy is known forRead MoreQuantitative Research Article Critique Essay example1645 Words   |  7 Pagesanxiety, and depression levels indicated in the 90-day follow-up interview. Conceptual Model / Theoretical framework In this research study, authors chose to relate the research article to Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model. Roy’s adaptation model can be applied in this study because of the family member’s opportunity to have an integral part of the decision making process. According to Sister Callista Roy, nursing roles are to promote adaptation for individuals and groups in the four adaptiveRead MoreAdvanced Practice Nursing (APN)2996 Words   |  12 Pages(DeNisco Barker, 2013). What is the future position of APNs in the progression of our healthcare system? What role will this writer assume, educator, practitioner, population health coach, or all three? The use of theory, primarily Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model, and EBP give this writer a firm foundation to develop and modify her own practice framework. Interview Summary At this point, this writer is slightly unsure of which pathway she may take, once she has completed her studies; theRead MoreImportance Of Theory : An Adaptive System Theory Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesI have chosen the ‘Humans as an Adaptive System Theory† by Sister Callista Roy. It is a middle range nursing theory. Nursing theories are a set of definitions, concepts, assumptions, phenomena and relationships that are used to explain different aspects of the nursing profession. Nursing models are developed by linking these widely accepted theories to science and philosophy, for practical application in nursing. Nursing theories and model has helped to develop nursing into a scientific disciplineRead MoreNursing Career As A Licensed Practical Nurse1899 Words   |  8 Pagesa time that local hospitals were no longer employing LPN’s at the bedside. Therefore, I worked in a nursing home for two years. This was where I learned how to perfect time management, wound care, and medication knowledge. In the nursing home, I developed a fondness for the elderly. I worked with men and woman that entered the nursing home completely oriented, ambulatory, and able to perform most of their activities of daily living. Then, in a fairly short amount of time I watched them deteriorateRead MoreRoy Theory14019 Words   |  57 Pagese eBook Collection Conceptual Models Chapter08 This is a Protected PDF document. Please enter your user name and password to unlock the text. 4 Remember my user name and password. If you are experiencing problems unlocking this document or you have questions regarding Protectedpdf files please contact a Technical Support representative: In the United States: 1-877-832-4867 In Canada: 1-800-859-3682 Outside the U.S. and Canada: 1-602-387-2222 Email: technicalsupport@apollogrp.edu. 1000-0001-62C2-00019A9E Read MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Essay4338 Words   |  18 PagesThe total demands created by the self-care requisites are identified as therapeutic self-care demand. When the therapeutic self-care demand exceeds self-care agency, a self-care deficit exists, and nursing is needed. Based on the needs, the nurse designs nursing systems that are wholly compensatory (the nurse provides all needed care), partly compensatory (the nurse and the patient provide care together), or supportive-educative (the nurse provides needed support and education for the patient to exerciseRead MoreTheoretical Foundations of Nursing4269 Words   |  18 Pagesof the nurse is to find out and meet the patients immediate need for help. The patients presenting behavior may be a plea for help, however, the help needed may not be what it appears to be.† Ida Jean Orlando (1961) Orlandos theory was developed in the late 1950s from observations she recorded between a nurse and patient. Despite her efforts, she was only able to categorize the records as good or bad nursing. It then dawned on her that both the formulations for good and bad nursing Read MoreRelationship Between Meterparadigm Theory of Nursing and Anas Definition of Nursing5001 Words   |  21 Pagespolicies and laws. * It will help the people to understand the competencies and professional accountability of nurses. * It will help define the role of the nurse in the multidisciplinary health care team. Four Major Concepts   Nurses have developed various theories that provide different explanations of the nursing discipline. All theories, however, share four central concepts:  Person  refers to all human beings. People are the recipients of nursing care; they include individuals, families,

Tennessees Department Of Corrections Case Study - 769 Words

Tennessee’s probation and parole agencies fall under Tennessee’s Department of Corrections (TDOC), which is overseen by its current commissioner, Tony C. Parker (â€Å"Department Overview†, n.d.). One of the first to be fully accredited through the American Correctional Association (ACA), this department is recognized as a top tier program that others strive to be (â€Å"Department Overview†, n.d.). In 2012, TDOC put a new priority on its probation, parole, and community corrections programs. There is a precedence to ensure that not only are offenders in these programs supervised, but also that supervision is successful (â€Å"Department Overview†, n.d.). Tennessee supervises roughly 79,000 people that make up those on probation, parole, or in a†¦show more content†¦This service allows those offenders rejoining the community, access to rehabilitative programs such as counseling, job aids, medical services, and education to name a few. There are four types of releases for offenders. They are parole, probation, determinate release, and community corrections (â€Å"Department Overview†, n.d.). Parole is a program for offenders who are incarcerated in prison, but are released back to the community early via permission from the Board of Parole (BOP). However, these folks have conditions set by the BOP and can include conditions that must be met before and after their release (â€Å"Department Overview†, n.d.). Some of these conditions can include things such as taking certain classes, participate in group therapy, live in a halfway house, attend AA meetings or drug counseling (â€Å"Department Overview†, n.d.). Probation is a program that allows the court to release a convicted offender back into the community without having to spend time being incarcerated (â€Å"Department Overview†, n.d.). The program does allow for what is called â€Å"split† sentences. This is where the of fender will spend a portion of time in jail, and then being released on conditions of probation (â€Å"Department Overview†, n.d.). In Tennessee, an offender has three days to report to their probation office when initially released. Conditions of each offender are tailored for that person. However, for sex offenders, there are

narrative Free Essays

Narrative Free Essays I have is of when I went to Montreal, Canada, to visit my family on my dad’s side. It was around the first week of August of 2007, and was my first trip to Canada. Along with going to Montreal, Canada, we also went to Quebec City, Canada, the only city in North America that has stone walls bordering It. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now We flew In an airplane from Portland, OR to Providence, RI, and then we drove from there to Montreal, Canada. We stayed In my dad’s brother’s home for the time that we were there. My uncle’s name Is Charles, and once we first arrived at his house, we et his daughter named Felicia, and his two twin sons named Tristan and Zachary. Once we were settled in In their house, we went out to the mall nearby and went shopping. We then went back home to eat the homemade spaghetti that Charles’ wife, Isabella, had made. After, we decided to have a fashion show for all of the kids of the clothes we had bought earlier that day. Later at night, all of the kids got together and slept in one room and played super Moral Brothers against each other on our Nintendo Deeds. During the next couple of days, my family and I also got the chance to explore Quebec City, Canada as well. I got to learn about the Chateau Forefront, a historic and popular hotel which opened in 1893, and the world’s most photographed hotel. Quebec City was also filled with fascinating centuries-old architecture and historic sites. While I was there, I saw horse-drawn carriages on the street, street entertainers, and artists working on the street. Also, Quebec City streets were filled with several stores and boutiques that I went to that were filled with souvenirs, paintings, and clothes. At night time, the city was filled with stringed lights, and it was one of the most picturesque places that I have ever seen. To conclude, going to Montreal and Quebec City, Canada, and visiting my relatives was the happiest memory that I have ever had. I treasured going there so much and meeting my family for the times we spent together, for the things I got to learn, and for the places I go to go to. I haven’t seen my relatives in Canada or been to Montreal or Quebec City since 2007. Although, this summer, I am going with my family to return there once again and to see my relatives for a long awaited seven year reunion. I will never forget my trip to Canada In 2007, and I can’t Walt to make new memories this summer when I return! Narrative By peaches_n_cream it. We flew in an airplane from Portland, OR to Providence, RI, and then we drove from there to Montreal, Canada. We stayed in my dad’s brother’s home for the time that we were there. My uncle’s name is Charles, and once we first arrived at his house, we Once we were settled in in their house, we went out to the mall nearby and went together and slept in one room and played Super Mario Brothers against each other reunion. I will never forget my trip to Canada in 2007, and I can’t wait to make new How to cite Narrative, Essays Narrative Free Essays I was running late for school. My alarm clock didn’t go off so that causes me not to wake up on time. I’m rushing trying to get out of the house my class started at right o’ clock am. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am running down stair to get in my car. I’m in my car speeding trying to make it to school on time. All I could think of was I hope I don’t get caught speeding and get a ticket. I was almost at school didn’t realize I was in a school zone. Once I seen the sign I started to slow my vehicle down. I checked my surrounding didn’t see ant police around, out of nowhere I started to hear the ringing coming from a police car. Didn’t know he was coming for me as I pulled over in the parking lot on the side all I could think about me getting a speeding ticket. The office walked up to my car and asked for my driver’s license and insurance paper. He asked do you know why you were pulled over. I no but him and I know both know it was for speeding. The officer then asked where I was headed to; I told him to school he then walked back to him car. I’m just waiting and waiting to see what he’s going to do let me go or give me the ticket for speeding. Officer walks back to my vehicle. As I look up he has a pad that he’s writing on let me guess I’m getting a ticket for speeding. The office hands over the ticket and also asks me to sign on the dotted line. He then explains I was getting the ticket for speeding he said I was doing a 45 in a 35 school zone. Now I’m thinking how I am going to pay for this $150. 00 ticket. Now I’ thinking I have to do some work around the house or maybe even some baby sitting anything to help me pay for this ticket since I wasn’t working at the time. I’ve learned that I have to set my alarm clock the night before. Wake up on time when my alarm clock goes off. Also watch my surroundings at all times when driving on the roads so that wont get a speeding ticket that I can barley pay for. How to cite Narrative, Essays Narrative Free Essays When I was younger, my best friend was the child of a single mother. Cathy’s mom was a nice lady, but she spent a great deal of time telling Cathy about the things that she had missed out on by choosing to give birth instead of â€Å"getting rid† of the baby. As such, Cathy was very careful about her own sex life. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"You’re a smart girl. Don’t make the mistakes I did,† her mom would tell her, all the while insisting that she could talk to her about anything. Needless to say, Cathy didn’t believe her. Cathy also saw the things that she didn’t have because she was being raised by a single mother. It was more than just not having a dad to take to school events. It was having to cook her own dinner, and dinner for her mother, each night because her mother worked until 6 p.m. She heard her mother complain about the long days and the loneliness. She heard her mother, usually when she was having coffee with another adult and thought Cathy wasn’t around, talk about the sacrifices she had made for her child. She heard her mother talk about not having an adult to talk to and not buying things she needed, like new clothing, because she had to buy for Cathy first. Cathy heard everything her mother said, and didn’t say, about being a single mother and resolved not to do the same. Cathy remained a virgin until well after she graduated from high school, but when she decided to become sexually active, she did not go to the doctor to get birth control.   When I asked her about it, she turned red and stuttered. â€Å"My mom would find out and she would be disappointed in me,† she said.   Her mother’s constant nagging had convinced her that good girls didn’t use birth control. They were smart and abstained from sex. Cathy used condoms, sometimes, but she argued that too made her feel â€Å"trampy†. So most of the time, she did not use birth control.   She went to college and got a good job and then met the man of her dreams. Within a year they were living together and six months later, Cathy got pregnant. Her boyfriend was a great guy, but he was still in college and didn’t want children yet. Cathy thought about abortion, but decided that she could never have an abortion because, after all, her mother had sacrificed so much to keep her. So, she talked with her boyfriend and fought with her boyfriend and explained her dilemma to him.   It was unfair to a child to make it grow up with just one parent, she argued, and he argued that he wasn’t ready to be a parent. Her mom called when she found out Cathy was pregnant and began laying on the guilt again. â€Å"I raised you alone and you turned out all right. You can raise your child too. Look how much more accomplished you are and more ready for it you are than I ever was,† her mom said. Maybe if she hadn’t heard her mom so clearly when she was younger, Cathy might have agreed. But she remembered her mom’s lamenting that she had lost the love of her life to raise her daughter and Cathy decided that she would never place that burden on her own child. She was crying the day she told me that she had made a decision. She and her boyfriend went together to a social service agency and looked through their family album of potential adoptive parents. They read the letters from people seeking to adopt a child and looked at their pictures. She said they finally chose a couple with nice smiles who looked fit and healthy. One was a soldier; his wife was a German immigrant. They couldn’t have children of their own. Cathy said they already had a nursery decorated with teddy bears and seemed perfect. So, they asked the social worker to set up the meeting. She had questions when she first met them. As a soldier, would he be deployed often? If the adoptive mother was German, would they raise the child bi-lingual?   Would they explain to the baby that is birth parents loved him, but were not ready to have a child? When she was satisfied with the answers, Cathy and her boyfriend decided that the soldier and his wife were perfect adoptive parents. Her mother never understood, complaining that she was deprived of her grandson. Cathy tried to explain to her that she believed that her son deserved two parents. Her mother argued that Cathy chose a man over her child.   Cathy screamed with anger finally then, telling her mother, â€Å"No, I simply didn’t want to do to my child what you did to me!† I saw Cathy and her husband the other day. They were smiling and talking about the soldier and his wife. Their son, Kevin, was growing like a weed and the soldier and his wife had sent pictures and a video for Cathy. As she and her husband stood there hand in hand talking about Kevin, I knew she was comfortable with her decision. Because her mother had been so adamant about not putting herself in the position that she was in, Cathy chose not to raise her son. Instead, she and her future husband chose to do what was best for the boy.   They know that he will know they loved him and selected his parents carefully to guarantee as much as they could that he had everything he could want or need including two parents. How to cite Narrative, Essays Narrative Free Essays It was the summer of 2007, and my parents thought that it would be a brilliant idea to go on a family road trip to some unknown location. This was the summer before I started high school and I wasn’t in the family bonding mood for a day let alone two weeks. With me being an only child, grandchild, and great grandchild, I was the only kid with five adults in a minivan. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why my parents thought that this was a good idea is still beyond my imagination. The trip started off like any other hectic family vacation, full of last minute packing and arguing. None of us had any idea as to where we would end up, but as I was told repeatedly, it was all part of the adventure. We got about three hours in, and what happens? We get in an accident. Not just an accident, a wreck. The whole front of the van was smashed in. After all of the paperwork was filled out and the car was towed off, we had to get a rental. The rental car really wasn’t that bad. It was a Cadillac Escalade, but the only pain was having to unload and then reload our luggage into the SUV. We eventually just stayed the night about an hour out from where the accident had occurred. We all figured that after something ridiculous like wreck happens, our trip could only go up. The next few days would show us that we were sadly mistaken. The next morning, we woke up at the crack of dawn to get on the road. I fell asleep in the car and when I woke up, we were in Richmond, VA. We all thought that it would be a good time to stop for lunch, so we did. It was a small fish house on the outskirts of Richmond and it had the best corn chowder on the planet. Half way through lunch, my mother decides that she would like to go look outside. Now, I come from a background of rather ungraceful and uncoordinated people. My mother just so happens to be the worst of us all. As she stands, she seems to take the entire tablecloth with her as well as our food. This then dumps our entire lunch on everyone but her. This still is not the last of the misfortunate events to occur on this fun family adventure. We finally arrived a few days later to our surprise location of Rye, NH. It was a very small quaint town on the east side of Portsmouth. We ended up renting a condo that overlooked the Atlantic and it was absolutely beautiful. That night, we decided to go out and look around this serene location which we had stopped at. Come to find out, there really wasn’t much to Rye so we traveled down to Portsmouth. We ate dinner, went shopping, got ice cream and finally arrived back at our condo around ten. The best part about that night? The fact that no one remembered there key thinking that surely someone else would bring theirs. Every locksmith in town was closed so we ended up sleeping in the Escalade. The family adventure of ‘07 turned out to be so much more than what any of us had bargained for. Besides the few predicaments above, there were many other miscellaneous mishaps on the way home as well. However, as crazy as that trip may have been, I had more fun on that vacation than any other. It was definitely the most memorable and through all of that, we grew a thousand times closer. I wouldn’t have traded that summer for anything. How to cite Narrative, Essays

Monetary Policy - Inflation - and Business Cycle

Question: Discuss about the Monetary Policy, Inflation, and Business Cycle. Answer: Introduction This study has highlighted the reason of why Spanish unemployment rate has been falling to the lowest level since 2011. In this purpose, this study has provided the impact of lower unemployment rate in the growth of the countrys economy. On the other hand, the impact of lower unemployment rate on the countrys government, industries have also described. In addition, this study is also helpful to identify the reason of lower unemployment rate of the country. As per the statement of Ball and Mazumder (2014), it can be mentioned that lower unemployment rate of a country is indirectly related with the countrys inflation rate. In this context, this study has aimed to discuss the effect of inflation rate on the countrys GDP growth rate. It is known that Spain is the fourteenth largest economy within the world in terms of nominal GDP. On the other hand, it can be added that the purchasing power parity of Spain is the largest in the world. Moreover, it can be mentioned that this study has pro vided the concepts of several types of unemployment of an economy. Analysis From the above figure, it can be observed that the rate of unemployment of Spain has been decreasing after 2011. In this connection, it can be stated that the Economic position of the country is at good position. In the words of Blanchflower et al. (2014), it can be mentioned that unemployment rate can be estimated by the division of total number of unemployed workers to the total number of employees. On the other hand, unemployment rate of an economy can be estimated by two methods such as claimant count and labour force survey. According to Clarke (2016), it can be mentioned that the Spanish economy has created 525000 jobs in the year of 2015. Therefore, it can be stated that the rate of unemployment of the country has reduced by 20.9 percent. On the contrary, Daly et al. (2016) argued that the degree of unemployment rate of Spain is higher compared to the other countries. During the period of global economic recession, the unemployment rate in Spain was highest and the rate was increased in the year of 2010 by 20 percent to 25 percent. In this connection, Desilver (2013) opined that Spanish economy was suffering from the structural unemployment from the year of 1980s. On the other hand, it can be stated that Spain was suffering from the poor structure of tourism and building sectors. Moreover, the performance of the industries within the country was also very poor. Draghi (2014) opined that Spains economic recovery is the reason of crisis hit of the labour market of the country. In this purpose, it can be added that the quarterly labour market survey identified that the number of employment has increased from 3 percent to 18.1 percent in an year at the end of the quarter of 2015. Furthermore, Gal (2015) mentioned that the total number of unemployment in Spain has decreased from 12.4 percent to 4.78 percent. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that Spanish workforce would constantly shrink due to the migration and also the long term unemployed workers would feel reluctant to search for work. Therefore, there are approximately 678000 unemployed Spaniards in the last year. Moreover, it can be noticed that there are only 1 percent employees, who are jobless for more than four years. On the other hand, only 6 percent employees are in the training session. Although, the rate of unemployment was higher during the time of global economic recession in Spain, after that, the rate of unemployment was decreased with the rise in time. According to Katz (2014), the employment reform of 2012, made increase the rate of employment of the economy. Types of unemployment There are five major types of unemployment including the demand deficit unemployment, structural unemployment, real wage unemployment, voluntary and the frictional unemployment. Demand deficient unemployment In the words of Kroft and Notowidigdo (2016), it can be mentioned that demand deficient unemployment occurs due to the situation of recession for very lower growth of the economy. In addition, due to the insufficient aggregate demand, the organisations would cut back the production. Therefore, it can be inferred that if the organisation cut back the output level, the employment rate would be reduced. With the rise in the level of recession, the demand deficient unemployment will be increased. Mamedov (2016) cited that due to the biggest cause of higher unemployment rate, the economy of a nation would start to fall. This situation can be described with the concept of cyclical unemployment, which arises due to the situation of economic downturn. The above figure highlighted that reduction in aggregate demand and lower output level increases the unemployment rate. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that when the labour is at the level of equilibrium, then there would occur the situation of natural unemployment within the economy. Structural unemployment According to Ormerod, Rosewell and Phelps (2013), it can be mentioned that unemployment rate of an economy increased due to the inefficiencies within the labour market. Due to the mismatch of skills or geographical location, structural unemployment would be increased. More precisely, structural unemployment arises when the labour market of an economy would not be able to provide jobs to the employees. Moreover, it can be stated that structural unemployment is the consequences of cyclical unemployment. In this situation, wages are usually kept higher than the level of equilibrium. Minimum wage rates would lead to the minimum wage rates and this would lead to the excess labour supply. This would in turn imply that the labour market of an economy is competitive. On the other hand, Owyang, Ramey and Zubairy (2013) added that Keynesian analysis highlights the decrease in aggregate demand can reflect the real wage unemployment rate. Frictional unemployment Frictional turnover arises due to the normal turnover within the labour market. Fractional unemployment is present to degree in a country. As a result, due to the mismatch among employees and the jobs, the situation of frictional unemployment occurs. On the other hand, frictional unemployment is connected with the skills, work time, location f the organisations. This type of unemployment is reflected by the voluntary decisions depending on the each of the employees valuation. Voluntary unemployment In the point of Phillips and Land (2012), it can be mentioned that voluntary unemployment arises when the employees would not select to take a job at the wage rate. The employees may feel that there is no increment to take a job. Impact of unemployment on the economy As per the opinion of Phillips and Land (2012), it can be mentioned that unemployment of a country arises when the people of the country are willing to work and capable to work or also do not have a job. However, it can be observed that the unemployment rate of Spain has decreased over time. Therefore, it can be stated that lower unemployment rate has a greater impact on the government, on the economy, on industries and also on the people. As the rate of employment has been increasing, therefore, more people will earn higher income and they will be able to pay the tax. This will in turn increase the government revenue. Therefore, Shimer (2012) opined that the governmental finances will be improved. In addition, higher employment rate will increase the purchasing power parity and the standard of living of the country. Hence, it can be mentioned that the GDP growth rate and the per capita income of the economy will be increased. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the there is a negative relationship between the unemployment rate and the countrys economic growth rate. This inverse relationship can be described with the help of the Okuns law. In this context, Svensson (2015) opined that with the 1% decrease in the unemployment rate, the GDP growth rate of the country will be increased by 2%. In this connection, it is necessary to remember that this relationship based upon the economic situation of the country and also on the time period. On the other hand, it can be observed that with the decrease in the unemployment rate of Spain, the labour force of the country has increased. The employees are also willing to increase the working hours. As a result, individual performance of the employees would be increased and the overall productivity would also increase. In the points of Tanveer Choudhry, Marelli and Signorelli (2012), it can be mentioned that lower rate of unemployment in a country would decrease the supply of labour. This would in turn create the upward pressure on the wage rate. Nevertheless, this has an adverse effect on the employees. The firms require to pay higher wages to recruit new employees. Lower unemployment rate implies that the disposable income of the employees has increased within the economy. As a result, it can be inferred that the overall spending on goods and services has increased. This would in turn imply that the organisations within the economy has experienced higher sales revenue and has also experienced higher profitability from the business. On the contrary, it can be mentioned that if the rate of unemployment of a country has increased, then the purchasing behaviour of the buyers would be changed. In this purpose, it can be added that the purchasing of inferior goods would be increased. As opined by Katz (2014), inferior goods are those, which are purchased when the income of the consumers are getting down. This would enhance the sales of the inferior goods and the sellers of the inferior goods would be highly profitable. Their earning revenue would be increased. On the contrary, it can be mentioned that if the unemployment rate of a country is lower, then the wage rate of the employees would be lower. However, the organisations require to spend more resources to train the new employees. As a result, it can be mentioned that the employment cost would be increased. In this connection, it can be stated that the as the unemployment cost is decreasing with the rise in time, therefore, the organisations of Spain do not require to spend higher employment cost. On the other hand, Gal (2015) opined that the employees of Spain has not been suffering from illness or depression due to the lower unemployment rate. In addition, it can be opined that lower unemployment rate of a country would be helpful to increase the overall productivity of the organisation. This would in turn increase the performance of the overall economy of the country. According to Draghi (2014), greater production effectiveness can significantly meet the consumers demand. As a result, it can be inferred that the relationship between the suppliers and the buyers would be improved. Relationship between unemployment and inflation rate The relationship between the rate of unemployment and inflation rate of a country can be described with the help of Phillips curve. According to Desilver (2013), it can be mentioned that there is a negative relationship between the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation. Therefore, it can be mentioned that with the decrease in the unemployment rate of Spain, countrys inflation rate has increased. Nonetheless, the curve is not linear. In this connection, it can be noticed that the short run Phillips curve is looking like L shaped. From the above figure, it can be observed that Phillips curve shows the inverse trade off among the unemployment rate and inflation rate. For example, it can be stated that if an economy has experienced 3 percent unemployment rate in turn of the cost of 6 percent rate of inflation. On the other hand, the rise in the unemployment rate by 5 percent would lower down the rate of inflation by 2 percent. As predicted before, due to the lower unemployment rate of Spain, the inflation rate of the country has been increasing. In the words of Clarke (2016), it can be mentioned that the price level of the country has increased. Therefore, it can be inferred that the cost of holding money of the people of the country has increased. Purchasing power parity of the country has increased. In the points of Blanchflower et al. (2014), it can be observed that higher inflation rate is good for the boost of the country. The overall money supply of the country has increased. In addition, it can be stated that a moderate inflation rate has reduced the real value of debt. As a result, it can be inferred that the economic health of Spain has improved. On the contrary, Ball and Mazumder (2014) criticised that in case of rapid improvement in the price level of an economy, the situation of hyperinflation would be occurred. In this case, it can be mentioned that the cost of the products would be extremely higher. This situation is not feasible to the residents of the country. Conclusion This study has highlighted and reviewed the topic; Spanish unemployment has been falling from the year of 2011. This study has also highlighted an in depth analysis, how the country has reduced the unemployment rate of the economy. In addition, in this study the impact of lower unemployment rate has dscribed. On the other hand, this study has mentioned how lower unemployment rate has reflected the countrys GDP growth. After the analysis of the study, the relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate has highlighted. References Ball, L. and Mazumder, S., 2014.A phillips curve with anchored expectations and short-term unemployment(No. w20715). National Bureau of Economic Research. Blanchflower, D.G., Bell, D.N., Montagnoli, A. and Moro, M., 2014. The Happiness Trade?Off between Unemployment and Inflation.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,46(S2), pp.117-141. Clarke, M.A., 2016. How the unemployment rate in Spain affects university enrollment. Daly, M.C., Hobijn, B., ?ahin, A. and Valletta, R.G., 2012. A search and matching approach to labor markets: Did the natural rate of unemployment rise?.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,26(3), pp.3-26. Data.worldbank.org. (2016).Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) | Data. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG [Accessed 26 Dec. 2016]. Data.worldbank.org. (2016).Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) | Data. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS [Accessed 26 Dec. 2016]. Desilver, D., 2013. Black unemployment rate is consistently twice that of whites.Pew Research Center. Draghi, M., 2014, August. Unemployment in the euro area. InSpeech at the Annual Jackson Hole Central Bank Symposium, August(Vol. 22). Gal, J., 2015.Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Katz, L., 2014. Long-term unemployment in the Great Recession.Members-only Library. Kroft, K. and Notowidigdo, M.J., 2016. Should unemployment insurance vary with the unemployment rate? Theory and evidence.The Review of Economic Studies. Mamedov, A.A., 2016. THE MAIN TRENDS AND FACTORS AFFECTING UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN THE LABOR MARKET OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.Science Vector of Togliatti State University, (2 (36)). Ormerod, P., Rosewell, B. and Phelps, P., 2013. Inflation/unemployment regimes and the instability of the Phillips curve.Applied Economics,45(12), pp.1519-1531. Owyang, M.T., Ramey, V.A. and Zubairy, S., 2013. Are government spending multipliers greater during periods of slack? Evidence from twentieth-century historical data.The American Economic Review,103(3), pp.129-134. Phillips, J. and Land, K.C., 2012. The link between unemployment and crime rate fluctuations: An analysis at the county, state, and national levels.Social Science Research,41(3), pp.681-694. Shimer, R., 2012. Reassessing the ins and outs of unemployment.Review of Economic Dynamics,15(2), pp.127-148. Svensson, L.E., 2015. The possible unemployment cost of average inflation below a credible target.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,7(1), pp.258-296. Svensson, L.E., 2016. Inflation Targeting and'Leaning Against the Wind'.Israel Economic Review,13(1). Tanveer Choudhry, M., Marelli, E. and Signorelli, M., 2012. Youth unemployment rate and impact of financial crises.International journal of manpower,33(1), pp.76-95.

The Bad Mood Keeps Rising an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

The Bad Mood Keeps Rising In the chapter The New Anticorporate Activism Naomi Klein discusses the emergence of new phenomenon a network of human-rights activists that has exposed many organizations to damage. Moreover, Klein traces the key differences and similarities between anticorporate campaigning and apartheid actions. The central point of the chapter is that one has to fight corporations and organizations whose sole purpose is to benefit from repressive government policies and to increase profits disregarding social and corporate responsibilities. Thus, the role of anticorporate activists is to reveal violations committed by multicultural corporations and organizations. Klein argues the role of anticorporate activists is crucial to contemporary business world as multicultural corporations dont consider, in many cases, their responsibilities and obligations to the public. (pp.325-326) Need essay sample on "The Bad Mood Keeps Rising" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The negative moment is that anticorporate activism takes many forms ranging from socially and environmentally responsible to radically terrorist. Moreover, the tasks of the groups are different as well. For example, the Yellow Pages is an international hacker group whose goal is to hack computer networks of huge corporations. (p.326) Klein stresses that it is economic globalization that has caused emergence of anticorporate activists and many corporations are forced to fight as well. Anticorporate activism goes far beyond labor and trade unions. Their members are both young and old representatives whose education ranges from elementary school to colleges and university. They come with large investments claiming that multicultural corporations and organizations are behaving illegally and, thus, sinfully. As anticorporate activists claim, multicultural corporations should stake their lives on their violations and being not committed to environment they are operating in. Anticorporate a ctivists are social marketers and political intelligentsia who are worrying about environment more than about increasing profits and sales. (p.327) Further, Klein discusses the Year of Sweatshop tracing the emergence of the anticorporate activists to 1995-1996. Andrew Ross has called that year the year of Sweatshop because every time Americans switched on their TVs they heard shameful news about labor exploiting, human rights violating and environment polluting. It means that world brands didnt consider human and environmental factor in pursuing increased sales and profits. Nike, Shell, McDonalds, Disney and many other corporations were in that row. However, the Year of Sweatshop appeared to result in the Year of Brand Attack. (p.332) The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire appeared to be the turning point in anti-sweatshop movement in the country. Thousand of workers were striking waiting for government response and declaring their rights: working week is to be 54 hours; working day is to be ended not later than 9 p.m.; fire and health care regulations are to be introduced, etc. (p.333) Klein says that many of the anticorproate campaigns are of political origin whose attacks are targeted at global economic issues rather than at national ones. Global corporations are argued to re-organize the world they way they want it to look like. (p.340) Many citizens tried to fight conservative economic trends by voting for liberal and democratic governments, but soon they realized that economic policy remained unchanged. Even greater transparency in government has failed to be effective in restraining multicultural power. Today international stage is experiencing disillusionment with current political processes because attempts to regulate multicultural corporations through the United Nations have failed to be effective. (p.3410) Summing up, anticorporate activism is movement aimed at making multicultural corporations more socially and environmentally responsible. They develop political strategies to re-organize multinational brands and their efforts are more successful that th at of the governments. Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture In the article Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture Sarah Thornton discusses authentic culture as a means to struggle with mass-mediated corporate world. In particular, Thornton points the following themes: underground as subculture; the betrayals of broadcasting; importance of censors; marketing moral outrage; subterranean media; and development of subculture as result of mass-mediated corporate world. The author argues that authentic music is outside the media as it doesnt match its norms and standards. However, for many people authentic culture is self-expression and ability to present original thinking. Researchers often claim that underground or authentic music stresses the anti-media discourse and, thus, young people loose the ability to identify what to consider right and what to consider wrong. Nevertheless, the author argues that, despite recent claims and arguments, no opposition between the media and subculture is revealed. (pp.176-177) Underground is defined as the expression of subculture and underground style is authentic, it doesnt tend to be labeled as fashionable or mass-produced. Underground music promotes the original world that is off the elitism and mass-consumerism. Underground style is against the mass media, but it doesnt oppose it. Mainly, undergrounds are mixed as they disregard class, race and ethnicity. In particular, the discourse of undergrounds is anti-mass culture; undergrounds criticize media of being commercial, shallow and derivative. The long-standing form of underground subculture is happiness. For example, British youth acknowledges sub cultural hierarchy and they acknowledge their position within it. The underground culture is a relative system exposed to timing, position and context. (p.179) The British homes mainly prefer four channels and Top of the Pops is viewed as a gateway to mass culture and key point of selling out. Within underground context, selling is viewed the same as betraying. The undergrounds cant understand why to sell original songs beyond initial market. In such a way, artist looses sense of possession, familiar belonging and exclusive ownership. Art shouldnt be sold out. Many academics argue that the youth and the British media are in opposition, but in reality contemporary youth is not against television. They are simply against selling culture to someone else and they accuse national television of distributing illegally raw materials of youth subculture. (pp.180-181) Thornton assumes that moral panic operates within the purviews of tabloids, and even underground subculture has its own tabloid front pages. Media is often outrageous with the youth scene that authenticates their culture and disapproves credible sources. Subcultural press predicted that moral panic about hippies, punks, and acid house is inevitable. Cultural studies of moral panic tend to defined youth subculture as innocent victims of negative stigmatization. However, they are not what they are thought to be. (p.183) The undergrounds claim that mass media misunderstands their initial goal of cultural pursuits. Thus, moral panic is generated by the culture industries targeting the market. Nevertheless, Thompson writes that moral panic is a metaphor that aims at depicting complex society experiencing groundless fear about the future of the media ad culture. Moral panic inflates the threat posted by culture differences. (p.184) Rave and acid house styles are considered unique phenomena of the 20th century, but recent case studies reveal general points about the media and youth subculture. Media is involved in organization of underground subculture. Thornton concludes underground culture is not organic and autonomous. Mass media plays crucial role in formation of underground subculture; moreover, mass media actively participates in development of underground lifestyle. Development of subculture shows that contemporary youth is unambiguously active and creative instead of remaining passive and manipulated. Due to authentic culture the youth is allowed to represent their unique view on the world, it is an excellent way of self-expression and self-recognition. (pp.186-188) Images, Ideology, and Women of Color In the article Images, Ideology, and Women of Color Leith Mullings discusses the role and position of African-American women in contemporary American society. The author examines representations of African-American women and their emergence in the context of class and gender conflicts. The central conflict of the article is the duality of freedom and constrains that trace gender for Africa-American population. Despite democracy and equal rights movement, there is still a constraint on gender for women of color. Thus, their freedom is inadvertently measured. (p.237) There are many reasons that have led to negative perception of African-American women. The first reason is slavery and the second is representation of women as inappropriate women. Even in literature they were portrayed as mammies, castrators and sexually provocative. Therefore, women of color appeared to be at the centre of the strongly held ideologies concerning race and gender. (p.238) The most enduring representation of African-American women is attributed to slavery times. Their images drawn from literature and historical accounts didnt truly represent the reality. For example, in the Antebellum South women of color were represented as subordinate in their gender hierarchy as males were dominant in that region. Interestingly, an ideal woman was highly romanticized. The model woman was identified with her home being ideal wife and mother. She was assumed to be calm, passive, delicate, submissive, dependent and frail and pure. Historians have drawn two images that characterized African-American woman in America and Europe: Jezebel is a sexually aggressive and provocative woman governed by its libido, whereas Mammy is a religious and mother slave who devotes all her time to slave owners children. (p.239) The author stresses that defeminization of women of color was related to race ideologies that promoted the brutal conditions of slavery in American society. Thus, African-American women were treated as non-human and definitely inferior species, and slavery for them was the most appropriate condition. Surprisingly, medical science stresses African-American women had smaller lungs and brain, whereas their genitals were larger. In such a way, enslaved were proved to belong to different species that white population. (p.239) The stereotypes of Jezebel and Mammy were applied to women of different ages and phenotypes. The idea that African-American women represented another species justified their excessive sexuality. Therefore, sexually aggressive African-American women faced sexual exploitation and rape, whereas Euro-American men stressed women were the initiators because of their libido. In such a way, the author shows that artificially created stereotype may be an excellent excuse for violence and discrimination. (pp.240-243) Mullings writes that there are many similarities in the way dominant groups tend to represent their personhood. For example, the aspect of exploitation centers on the definition of being other. For all people of color, men are presented as dangerous and irresponsible being a threat to European women, whereas women are presented as not deserving social sexual protection in contrast to women of their race and class. Further, men are portrayed as sexually aggressive, whereas women are portrayed as sexually available. African-American women are always depicted as sexually excessive, erotic and exotic. Sexual domination, thus, reinforced labor exploitation and represents European domination. (p.246-247) Summing up, ideologies aimed at stigmatizing African-American women as inferior appeared to be central to maintaining race and gender discrimination. Oppression of African-American women was always justified by representing them as natural instead of social and historical and by masking so cial relations. Gender subordination was supported and women were stigmatized in case they challenged patriarchal model. African-American women were blamed for overall poverty rates and economic decline. Mullings concludes that experience of African-American women has created the basis for deconstructing those ideologies. (p.248-249) Popular Culture and Major League Sport In the article The Real Integrated circus, Political Economy, Popular culture and Major League Sport Gruneau and Whitson discuss major changes, challenges and tensions in major league sport. Moreover, the authors discuss the shifts in cultural studies. Today industries that are centered on the provision of entertainment are wide-ranging and they embrace advertising, sports, radio, television and video products. The emphasis of the cultural studies has shifted from politics and economy to unexplored fields of popular culture. The interest on class politics has been replaced with the interest on sexual orientation, gender construction, ethnicity and race discrimination. As a result, recent works concentrates on examining the meaning, subjectivity and politics of signification instead of analyzing changes in social cultural forms. (pp.360-361) However, the central argument of the article is that development of professional leagues has altered relations and attitudes of sports players to their home communities. The public started to relate their performances to the community pride. As far as teams consisted of local players, they were obliged to say something about their community and qualities of people. It means that field competitiveness resulted in community competitiveness. (p.364) The changes and tension in professional sports are often attributed to expansion into new markets, players salary, and labor struggles. Changes are inevitable as they are presented as extension of older commercial dynamics. (p.365) Tensions are argued to be a result of changes in political-economic environment since the middle of 1970s the years when the industries started to promote and produce cultural popular cultural goods. Moreover, industries became interested in promoting consumption styles that became a real integrated circus in European and American countries. The authors admit that it is still rather difficult t identify what to consider new and what to consider old in promotional discourses and industrial restructuring. (p.372) They underline the necessity to examine how ideology is sustained by forms and practices of symbolic production. The problem of professional sports is seen in efforts of media commentators and sports promoters to construct the idea of us around professional sports instead of distinguished sports from community as benefits that teams bring should not be treated as the benefits of the whole community. One more problem is that with the increase of players salaries the ticket pri ces have raised and games of major leagues is out of reach for middle-class and working class fans. (pp.373-374) The author argue that public money has played their crucial role in promoting major league sports as private investors have got an opportunity to pay franchise fees and to present major leagues to small markets or markets they are willing major leagues to play in. In the late 1960 major leagues have often played in publicly financed facilities (p.378). Of course, franchising offers significant benefits, although the long-term objectives of major league sports was to ensure contracts with national television and special attention was paid to contracts with major US networks. Television increased public interest in major league sports as it allowed the audience to see the most interesting moment missed in arena and stadium. Moreover, television technologies made public know major league players and, in some cases, athletes were turning into local or national celebrities. (p.369) The purpose of television was to attract new audiences beyond male fans and to make major league games more watched and talked about. The key challenge for major league teams was to increase its continental profile; otherwise, the team risked to loose its regional fan base in favor of more active rivals. The authors conclude that further research is needed to examine whether major league franchises are beneficial economic and social investments. Several researchers have already begun to study the issue, but more attention should be paid to costs and benefits of major league sports. (pp.380-381) References Gruneau, R., Major League Sports. In Understanding Canada: Building on the New Canadian Political Economy, ed. by Clement, W. USA: McGill-Queen's University Press. Klein, Naomi. (2000). Bad Mood Rising: The New Anticorporate Activism. In No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies. Toronto: Vintage Canada. Mullings, Leith. (2004). Images, Ideology, and Women of Colour. In Feminist Communication Theory ed. by Rakow, L., & Wackwitz, L. London: Sage. Thornton, Sarah. (1994). Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture. In Microphone Fiends: Youth Music and Youth Culture, ed. by Rose, T., & Ross, A. New York, Routledge.

fLORENCE nIGHTINGALE essays

fLORENCE nIGHTINGALE essays Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy in Villa Columbia on May12, 1820. Florence was named after her birth place just like her older sister Parthenope, who has the Greek name of Naples. Florence was the daughter of the wealthy landowner William Nightingale of Embley Park Hampshire, and his wife Francis Nightingale born 1788 who was a sibling of ten children. William was part of the antislavery movement and both William and Francis Fanny were Unitarians. In England the Nightingales had two homes. They spent the summer months at their home in Lea Hurst in Derbyshire then moving to Williams home town Embley in Hampshire for the winter. Lea Hurst was later turned into a retirement home and Embley was turned into a school. Florence and her father were good friends and he treated her as a companion rather than a daughter, he took responsibility for her education by teaching her and her sister at their home. Florence was a competent student and William taught her Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian, History, Philosophy and Mathematics. She also excelled in Literature, Music, Drawing and the Domestic arts. Fanny Nightingale came from a stanch Unitarian family, she was a domineering women who was primarily concerned with finding her daughter a good husband. However Florence had other ideas for her future, thus writing in her diary just before her 17th birthday, her entry read; On February 7th, 1837, God spoke to me and called me to his service. ( Anglican Theological Review, 1996) Although she had no idea of what this calling meant, it was from this day she decided to remain single forever. It was around this time when Florence rejected her first proposal of marriage to a man named Lord Houghton a man whom she dearly loved. ( Anglican Theological Review, 1996) Five years later Florence met Richard Monckton Miles who becomes her dear friend, to which he would like to be more, however t...

US War Operations in the Pacific Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US War Operations in the Pacific Theater - Essay Example In other words, American sentiment was basically isolationist. A sneak attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii was the catalyst which had turned this public sentiment into a war-like footing as people were aghast at the perfidy of the Japanese treachery while at the same time still negotiating the terms of a peace agreement. In retrospect, America was more or less not so well prepared but its entry into the Allied side of a world war turned the tide as America had great natural resources necessary to conduct a war. This paper explores and discusses the American operations in the Pacific theater in WWII. America's entry into the war was precipitated by the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941 (a beautiful Sunday morning) which caused heavy losses due to America being caught unawares of Japan's secret plans to control and conquer the British and Dutch colonial possessions in the Far East. Specifically, it was done as a preemptive strike at American naval forces by the Imperial General Headquarters of Japan to disable the American fleet; the attack was carried out by 353 fighters, bombers and torpedo planes launched on the Sunday when most American troops were out for church and other weekend activities. This attack was launched entirely from a naval battle group consisting of six aircraft carriers and it caused massive losses to America, which sunk four navy battleships and damaged four more. The aircraft destroyed was about 188 in total but American lives lost numbered to a staggering 2,402 killed and additional 1,282 servicemen wounded in what is called as a â⠂¬Å"Day of Infamy†. Japan had imperial colonial designs of her own and coveted the numerous colonies in the Far East owned by Britain and the Netherlands. However, the Japanese military strategists knew they could not possibly win a war of attrition against an enemy like the United States of America which is much bigger in terms of population and has vast natural resources needed to conduct a prolonged war. Only a preemptive strike will allow Japan to gain a temporary initial advantage long enough for it to consolidate its gains and obtain access to the natural resources which it jealously covets such as oil, rubber, iron, gold and other minerals. The two European countries of Great Britain and the Netherlands were preoccupied with the war in Europe and so left their Asian colonies vulnerable with only minimal defenses, such as Singapore that fell into Japanese hands after a very short conquest. America was perceived by the Japanese as the only credible threat in the Pacific a rea due to the presence of its naval forces at Hawaii. Some of the Japanese military planners had been initially reluctant to draw America into this war; a main concern was not to awaken a sleeping giant with serious consequences for the whole of Japan if in case the war drags on (Fitzgerald 13) but almost everyone agreed it was necessary for Japan to strike first. It was a military victory but a huge political mistake on Japan's part. It gained for Japan about 6 months of advantage to enable it to at first dominate the Pacific war. Although American soldiers stationed at the Hawaii naval base at Oahu knew war is only a matter of time, no one expected it so soon and were caught with their pants down, so to speak. The sneak attack had angered American citizens and galvanized public opinion towards ultimate involvement in a war Americans did not want. America had to play catch up and the United

Hospitality Management--Food Safety Management Essay

Hospitality Management--Food Safety Management - Essay Example With this comes a great responsibility to ensure the safety and integrity of the food supply. Little kills a tourist destination or catering business more than bad publicity. This can occur in the media, or via word of mouth. One of the primary concerns in the industry has long been outbreaks of food poisoning (Adams and Morrell 38). Catering businesses must depend not only on their own quality control standards, but also on the safe supply of fresh food to their business as well. It is critical that food born illnesses be eliminated from the food supply to the greatest extent possible. Much has been discussed in this area in recent years as the number of tourism based businesses continues to grow exponentially. This paper will examine a particular case of food born disease that directly affected the catering industry in Africa, and will enter into a discussion of relevant legislation and recommendations to avoid future outbreaks worldwide. Case Study and the Causative Agent Salad ha s long been a staple of the catering industry. Nearly every meal in world wide tourist circles, particularly meals that are catered, have some form of salad mix as a part of the set menu (Henderson 318). Produce, however, must be handled carefully as there are many food born diseases that can result if not properly handled (Chapman et. al. 1101). Because of the mass quantities of lettuce and other ingredients of salad that must be collected for any one event, it becomes even more critical to examine the health and safe of such food products. Since salad is not cooked, heat and extreme temperatures utilized in the cooking process do not assist in the elimination of contaminants (Amhadi and Hussain 172). One such case study was recently conducted in Nigeria to determine the prevalence of food born bacteria in ready made salad mixes typically used in the catering industry. General Details Scientists tested 150 different ready-to-eat salad samples from various sources in Calabar, South Nigeria. The samples were taken from such tourist and catering sites as fast food centers, wedding reception banquets, and birthday parties in the main part of the city. This occurred during the three-month period in order to ensure that the food and produce supplier remained relatively consistent (Udo et. al. 1). During the analysis of the samples, it was discovered that five main types of bacteria were present in the lettuce on an above average scale. â€Å"The probable human pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus aureus 35 (41.18%), Escherichia coli 21 (24.71%), Klebsiella aerogenes 11 (12.94%), Slamonella Enterica var Typhimuirum 3 (3.53%, and Bacsillus species 15 (17.65%)† (Udo et al 2). It was discovered that an astounding 40% of fast food centers, 52% of birthday parties, and 78% of wedding receptions had enough bacteria in their salad to cause food poisoning amongst the guests. Obviously this is an unacceptable number, but this case study is reflective of the overall danger of the food preparation industry if proper handling of food is not undertaken. The case study from Nigeria demonstrates that salads typically eaten in tourist venues and at catering events are often contaminated with pathogens that can cause grave illness in humans. This indicates a strong need to take care that food service personnel, particularly in the hospitality industry, use proper hygiene standards and that fruits and vegetables are disinfected and stored at the

Dissertation Chapter4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chapter4 - Dissertation Example In this chapter of the dissertation, we will showcase the data gathered, the analysis done and the results drawn from those analyses. 4.2 Descriptive analysis Throughout the study we have mainly done the analysis part with the help of one-way ANOVA and T test. ANOVA is an assortment of statistical tools that helps the reader to arrive at a certain inference. Inference is the process of obtaining rational conclusions from some assumed or known assertions. ANOVA analyzes the deviation between the means of various groups as well as the deviation that happens to take place within the groups (physics.csbsju.edu, n.d.). Moreover in an ANOVA background, the detected variance existing in a definite variable is classified into particular components that feature a range of variation sources. ANOVA can be used for multiple factors as well as for a single factor. In the present dissertation we have divided the main questions into seven groups and for each group we have conducted one way ANOVA i. e. ANOVA for single factor (csse.monash.edu.au, n.d.). The single factor ANOVA is used to differentiate between the mean values of two or more samples with the application of F test (people.richland.edu, n.d.). This procedure is only suitable for analyzing numerical data. The technique involves testing the null hypothesis of the samples belonging to two or more groups within a population having equal mean values. The ANOVA generates an F statistic, where if the mean values of the groups are obtained from population having similar mean values, then the group means variance should be lesser than that of the variance contained by the samples (Leitzel, 2009). On the contrary a greater ratio consequently signifies that the samples were gathered from the populations having different value for their means. After the vivid description of the ANOVA technique, we would now discuss the T test. It is conducted for testing statistical hypothesis in which the statistics of the test pursue a Stude nt’s t distribution in the case when the null hypothesis is supported. We are considering the T test because the standard deviation of the population here is unknown. The â€Å"Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances† have been used in the analysis of the data as this test provides us with the information stating whether a hypothesis of the t-test has been achieved (Engineering Statistics Handbook, n.d.). T-test presumes that the inconsistency of each group remains almost same. When the assumptions of the t test are not met, then a specific kind of the t-test is applied which we will discuss in the next sections of the chapter. 4.3 Demographic profile The demographic profiles of the consumers both belonging to the UK and Thailand will be discussed in this section. Here we have used the descriptive statistics technique for analyzing the data gathered relating to the demographic profiles of the respondents. This technique is basically used for summarizing a sample and it is different from inferential statistics (Khan Academy, 2013), where the data is used for learning about a population which the sample has been assumed to represent. Moreover descriptive statistics is not based on probability theory unlike the inferential stati

Art Is Lie That Brings Truth Nearer

Art Is Lie That Brings Truth Nearer I decided to evaluate the quotation by Pablo Picasso: Art is a lie that brings us nearer to the truth because the claim contains several issues that, depending on the definition, may lead to further difficulties in interpretation. What do we mean by truth?; What is a lie; What do we mean by arts?; Who do we consider when saying us? A piece of art, as a separate subject, is hermetically understood by every individual. It inspires us all, both creators and receivers of the art leading to specific, personal, conclusions. Therefore, not only the main assumption but also the main outcome of the arts is relativism; that is why we cannot state any absolute values in it. As Pablo Picasso once said: You will not understand arts as long as you wont understand that in arts 1+1 may give any result but 2  [1]  . This underlines, I believe, that art is never able to give an absolute answer, therefore is a lie in absolute terms. Hence, art outlines only the artists personal impression, his tru th, and cannot be a measure of any unambiguous distinction between the absolute and impression itself. Since it is the quotation of Pablo Picasso that is evaluated in this essay, it can be explained in relation to cubist theory of truth. The theory claims the total truth is a sum of all perspectives. So the more personal truths, in relativistic terms, or various lies (not hole truths), in absolute terms, are added, the closer one gets to knowing the real truth. That is how the art is a lie that helps us realise the truth. I will prove my thesis by analysing what kind of truth do paintings of Johannes Vermeer, a realist, Pierre Auguste Renoir, an impressionist, Edward Munch, an expressionist, and Rij Rousseau, a cubist, tell me separately and altogether about women. These artists, and specific movements they represent, were chosen because of the underlying contrast in both perceiving the truth and expressing it. They represent varied approaches which will allow to present flaws in ea ch view and draw moderate conclusion, which falls into the thesis of the investigation. The painting The Milkmaid , by Vermeer, shows a woman standing in a kitchen, preparing a meal. Her face is calm and it can be judged from her clothes and the content of the room that she lives in relative luxury. The painting presents somehow the reality of the 17th century social situation in Netherlands which gives me a social and historical truth concerning woman. Additionally, Vermeers truth about women is that they are the guardians of the households. His view falls into correspondence theory of truth, which claims that something is true if it corresponds to a fact. Despite recent XXth centurys social changes concerning womans position, they have always played a major role in taking care of home. The movement itself is an example of realism that comprises in the mimetic theory of art. The concept of mimesis assumes that the purpose of the art is to copy reality. Therefore the problem arises when evaluating realism- is it false because it deals with imitation, or it is true throu gh paradox of fiction- that the model presents some regularities of human behavior? I believe that by taking from the character her personal identity in exchange for creating a generalized model, Vermeer in fact hinders the personal truth about this woman. He effectively presents the social order and historical truth, however generalization is always concerned only with average, not with all possibilities. The painting Woman with a dog of Renoir presents a woman with a dog sitting in the grass. The blurry curves are used in order to show movement of the grass. By looking at the bloom and the reddish shade on a girl it can be judged it is a late afternoon. Renoirs truth in this painting applies only to womans look in a specific place at a specific time. Additionally, the painting says something personal about her- that she probably enjoyed spending her time close to the nature, since her face expresses joy, and that she probably enjoyed watching sunsets. The painting is an ideal example of impressionism. As Childe Hassam  [4]  once noticed: The true impressionism is realism that so many people do not observe. The crucial difference, however, between these two concepts is that impressionism tries to prove that truth is not a generalisation, like in realism. Instead, it uncovers the truth about certain objects in relation to very specific time and place. Therefore, impressionism also falls into correspondence theory of truth since Renoirs painting corresponds to a fact- girls look during a sunset. However, since impressionists tried to immortalise the very glance we must ask ourselves how good truth is that? Following Monets thoughts I assume that the truth about everything would be hindered in a series of glances. Thus, showing just one of the uncountable in their number glances gives us only an insignificantly small part of the truth about women in general and the girl in particular. The painting Madonna by Edvard Munch presents a woman with sunken orbits and slender posture which makes her look like a demon. The foetus in the left corner symbolises fertility and therefore depicts woman as a source of life. Her face expresses experiencing ecstasy and by linking this image with the title of a piece, Madonna, which is the Christian perception of a Holy mother, Munch degraded the value of woman. The artist was a misogynist and his truth is that a woman is a source of all suffering, the mother of heresy and the incarnation of pure evil.  [6]  Expressionists, like Munch, disregarded mimetic approach to arts; instead they wanted to show the world through the prism of their own perception. Thus, the basic idea in this movement was not to imitate reality (so they were not interested in absolutes), but to present the very subjective and very personal opinions- just as in the coherence theory of truth. The theory claims that a proposition is true if it fits in with our overall set of beliefs. Although the concept of woman being a demon could be true for Munch, for majority of people it would be perceived as extremist and prejudiced view. However, expressionism, because of its fundamental assumptions, speaks more of the painter than of the world. Munchs perception derives from fear of woman that is why it is so narrow. Nevertheless, this narrowness is a deliberate action. Author, as an expressionist, through his works tells me: This is MY truth, what is yours? The painting of Rij-Rousseau does not describe, as the title could suggested, the outer look. In Portrait she depicted three different bodies which shows the complexity and diversity of womens nature. It can be cheerful and warm (orange), or impassive and cold (green), and there is also the person between them, poorly visible, brown- imitating the whole uncertainty and mystery of other womans embodiments. Rousseaus truth about woman is hidden in symbols: the green face resembles a mask, so the outer look, which would mean that the blithe person represents the inner nature of woman. Therefore, the painting represents the very essence of the cubist theory of truth-to present the object in the widest context possible by considering it from multiple viewpoints. In other words cubism assumes that we are getting closer to the truth the more perspectives we get to know. But now again, how good truth is that? I now realize that the absolute truth about woman means summing up all the personal truths about each woman separately, yet it is an impossible task. Furthermore, any attempt to draw a mathematically moderate view about woman would mean going back to the very beginning, so the concepts of generalization and mimesis. Therefore, what is gained through dealing with arts is not only finding out how great is our own ignorance, but also how unattainable to comprehend, and impossible to depict, the absolute truth is. What have I gained through dealing with the paintings of Vermeer, Renoir, Munch and Rousseau? The Milkmaid told me what the social status in Netherlands was in XVIIth century. Renoir immortalised some girls look at the time of a sunset, the emotions that her face expressed and the move of the grass around her. Munch told me of his greatest despise and fear of women. Rousseau showed not to trust the first impression because a woman is a very complex being. Therefore, I am wiser with the views of these four paintings, bur now I realise I am poorer with the lack of the perceptions depicted in another thousands paintings. Thus, I know that I know nothing  [8]  of the absolute truth about woman, since I just grasped only an idea of the truths complexity. When Picasso said that art is a lie that helps us realise the truth I believe he didnt mean any specific style, i.e. he didnt mean that realism is a lie, but that all the achievements in arts, in all styles and assumptions, are just n ot complete. Having in mind that Picasso actually created cubism, I cant resist evaluating his claim in relation to cubist theory of truth. According to this idea the absolute truth is a mosaic composed of various elements individual approaches. In other words, what Picasso meant is that arts is closed in specific boundaries of different styles and cannot present the whole picture, therefore is a lie. However, as new forms and concepts are created the more perspectives are added and, piece by piece, the mosaic is being completed.

Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Blind Obedience Exposed

Blind Obedience Exposed in The Lottery    The annual ritualistic stoning of a villager in Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" parallels tradition in American culture.   This paper will inform the reader of the effect tradition has on characters in the short story "The Lottery" and how traditions still strongly influence people's lives in america.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Christian weddings hold many traditions and superstitions that seemingly defy logic.   Although most couples no longer have arranged marriages or dowries, fathers still give their daughters away during the services.   The bride and groom do not see each other before the ceremony, fearing that bad luck might come their way.   A friend scolded me because I had originally planned to marry at the top of the hour, and told me I should change it "just to be safe".   Society continues to hold these traditions and superstitions very dear because of cultural influences and the possibility of bad things happening.   In Shirley Jackson's short story "The Lottery", the annual ritualistic stoning of a villager parallels the traditions inherent in American culture.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The black box is a source symbol of tradition for the townspeople. The original box wore out many years ago, and a new box was built from pieces of the old.   This reflects customs in our own society.   For exam... ... time.   It is possible that they were simply afraid of what would happen to them if they changed or stopped the lottery.   Maybe they just went through the motions of the lottery without questioning why, or really giving it much thought.   Whatever the real reason, the tradition of the lottery continued.   I will also continue to uphold traditions at my wedding one-month from now when my father will give me away at half past the hour, and I will take great pains not to see my fiancà © before.      Work Cited: Jackson, Shirley.   "The Lottery."   Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing.   4th Ed. Ed. Camille Adkins. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. 315-322